Python Language Reference

Describes the syntax and "core semantics" of the language.

• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. Alternate Implementations
  • 1.2. Notation
• 2. Lexical analysis
  • 2.1. Line structure
  • 2.2. Other tokens
  • 2.3. Identifiers and keywords
  • 2.4. Literals
  • 2.5. Operators
  • 2.6. Delimiters
• 3. Data model
  • 3.1. Objects, values and types
  • 3.2. The standard type hierarchy
  • 3.3. Special method names
  • 3.4. Coroutines
• 4. Execution model
  • 4.1. Structure of a program
  • 4.2. Naming and binding
  • 4.3. Exceptions
• 5. The import system
  • 5.1.importlib
  • 5.2. Packages
  • 5.3. Searching
  • 5.4. Loading
  • 5.5. The Path Based Finder
  • 5.6. Replacing the standard import system
  • 5.7. Special considerations for main
  • 5.8. Open issues
  • 5.9. References
• 6. Expressions
  • 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
  • 6.2. Atoms
  • 6.3. Primaries
  • 6.4. Await expression
  • 6.5. The power operator
  • 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
  • 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
  • 6.8. Shifting operations
  • 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
  • 6.10. Comparisons
  • 6.11. Boolean operations
  • 6.12. Conditional expressions
  • 6.13. Lambdas
  • 6.14. Expression lists
  • 6.15. Evaluation order
  • 6.16. Operator precedence
• 7. Simple statements
  • 7.1. Expression statements
  • 7.2. Assignment statements
  • 7.3. Theassertstatement
  • 7.4. Thepassstatement
  • 7.5. Thedelstatement
  • 7.6. Thereturnstatement
  • 7.7. Theyieldstatement
  • 7.8. Theraisestatement
  • 7.9. Thebreakstatement
  • 7.10. Thecontinuestatement
  • 7.11. Theimportstatement
  • 7.12. Theglobalstatement
  • 7.13. Thenonlocalstatement
• 8. Compound statements
  • 8.1. Theifstatement
  • 8.2. Thewhilestatement
  • 8.3. Theforstatement
  • 8.4. Thetrystatement
  • 8.5. Thewithstatement
  • 8.6. Function definitions
  • 8.7. Class definitions
  • 8.8. Coroutines
• 9. Top-level components
  • 9.1. Complete Python programs
  • 9.2. File input
  • 9.3. Interactive input
  • 9.4. Expression input
• 10. Full Grammar specification