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Operators

Types of Operator

Python language supports the following types of operators.

  • Arithmetic Operators (7)
  • Comparison (Relational) Operators (7)
  • Assignment Operators (8)
  • Logical Operators (3)
  • Bitwise Operators (6)
  • Membership Operators (2)
  • Identity Operators (2)

Identity vs Equality Operators

  • Identity- Identity comparison with "is" and "is not"
  • Equality- Equality comparisons with "==" and "!="

Arithmetic Operators (a = 10, b = 20)

OperatorDescriptionExample
+ AdditionAdds values on either side of the operator.a + b = 30
- SubtractionSubtracts right hand operand from left hand operand.a -- b = -10
* MultiplicationMultiplies values on either side of the operatora * b = 200
/ Integer DivisionDivides left hand operand by right hand operandb / a = 2
% ModulusDivides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainderb % a = 0
** ExponentPerforms exponential (power) calculation on operatorsa**b =10 to the power 20
//Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the result is floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity) −9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0, -11//3 = -4, -11.0//3 = -4.0

Comparison (Relational) Operators (a = 10, b = 20)

OperatorDescriptionExample
==If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition becomes true.(a == b) is not true.
!=If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true.(a != b) is true.
<>If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true. (Deprecated)(a <> b) is true. This is similar to != operator.
>If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.(a > b) is not true.
<If the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.(a < b) is true.
>=If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.(a >= b) is not true.
<=If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.(a <= b) is true.

Assignment Operators (a=10, b = 20)

The use of += like statements are called as accumulator pattern,

Like, sum = sum + value, This type of statements is called as accumulator pattern.

OperatorDescriptionExample
=Assigns values from right side operands to left side operandc = a + b assigns value of a + b into c
+= Add ANDIt adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operandc += a is equivalent to c = c + a
-= Subtract ANDIt subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operandc -= a is equivalent to c = c - a
*= Multiply ANDIt multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operandc = a is equivalent to c = c a
/= Divide ANDIt divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operandc /= a is equivalent to c = c / ac /= a is equivalent to c = c / a
%= Modulus ANDIt takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operandc %= a is equivalent to c = c % a
**= Exponent ANDPerforms exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the left operandc = a is equivalent to c = c a
//= Floor DivisionIt performs floor division on operators and assign value to the left operandc //= a is equivalent to c = c // a

Logical Operators (a = 10 and b = 20)

OperatorDescriptionExample
and Logical ANDIf both the operands are true then condition becomes true.(a and b) is true.
or Logical ORIf any of the two operands are non-zero then condition becomes true.(a or b) is true.
not Logical NOTUsed to reverse the logical state of its operand.Not(a and b) is false.

Bitwise Operators ( a = 60, b = 13)

a = 0011 1100

b = 0000 1101

OperatorDescriptionExample
& Binary ANDOperator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands(a & b) (means 0000 1100)
`Binary OR`It copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
^ Binary XORIt copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.(a ^ b) = 49 (means 0011 0001)
~ Binary Ones ComplementIt is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.(~a ) = -61 (means 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.
<< Binary Left ShiftThe left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.a << 2 = 240 (means 1111 0000)
>> Binary Right ShiftThe left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.a >> 2 = 15 (means 0000 1111)

Membership Operators

OperatorDescriptionExample
inEvaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.x in y, here in results in a 1 if x is a member of sequence y.
not inEvaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.x not in y, here not in results in a 1 if x is not a member of sequence y.

Identity Operators

OperatorDescriptionExample
isEvaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and false otherwise.x is y, here is results in 1 if id(x) equals id(y).
is notEvaluates to false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and true otherwise.x is not y, hereis not results in 1 if id(x) is not equal to id(y).

Python Operators Precedence

Sr.No.Operator & Description
1** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
2~ + - Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and -@)
3* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
4+ - Addition and subtraction
5>> << Right and left bitwise shift
6& Bitwise 'AND'
7^ | Bitwise exclusive OR' and regularOR'
8>= Comparison operators
9<> == != Equality operators
10= %= /= //= -= += *=**= Assignment operators
11is is not Identity operators
12in not in Membership operators
13not or and Logical operators

Different ways to test multiple

# flags at once in Python
x, y, z = 0, 1, 0
if x == 1 or y == 1 or z == 1:
print('passed')
if 1 in (x, y, z):
print('passed')
# These only test for truthiness:
if x or y or z:
print('passed')
if any((x, y, z)):
print('passed')

Difference between is and ==

  1. An is expression evaluates toTrueif two variables point to the same (identical) object.
  2. An == expression evaluates toTrueif the objects referred to by the variables are equal (have the same contents).

Character Conversion

  1. ord() convert character to ascii
  2. chr() convert ascii to character

Swap Values

A = 23
B = 42
A, B = B, A

Conditional test with lists

  • in
  • not in

If statements

if age < 4:
ticket_price = 0
elif age < 18:
ticket_price = 10
else:
ticket_price = 15